“privileges and immunities”常用于宪法、国际法与外交语境,指某些主体(如公民、外交官、国际组织等)依法享有的特定权利(privileges)以及在特定范围内免受某些法律义务或管辖的豁免(immunities)。在不同法律体系中具体内容会有所差异。
发音(Pronunciation, IPA)
/ˈprɪvəlɪdʒɪz ænd ɪˈmjuːnɪtiz/
例句(Examples)
The treaty grants diplomats privileges and immunities.
该条约赋予外交官特权与豁免。
Courts often debate how broadly the Constitution’s “privileges and immunities” should be interpreted when states treat out-of-state citizens differently.
当各州区别对待外州公民时,法院常就宪法中“特权与豁免”的解释应有多宽而展开争论。
《美国宪法》(U.S. Constitution),第四条第二款:“The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States.”
《美国宪法第十四修正案》(14th Amendment),第一款:“No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States…”
《联邦党人文集》(The Federalist Papers),如 No. 42(麦迪逊)讨论邦联与各州关系时提及“privileges and immunities”相关概念与安排。
Joseph Story《美国宪法评注》(Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States)对“Privileges and Immunities”条款有系统论述。
Emer de Vattel《万国法》(The Law of Nations)在国家间权利义务、使节待遇等主题下涉及“特权/豁免”思想框架。